Esta es la tercera y última parte de la Guía para tomar buenas fotografías.
Composición
Componer es ver, seleccionar y organizar las imágenes, para estructurar una escena, según el criterio del fotógrafo.
1 Tipos de formato
Existen dos tipos de formato para una fotografía, el rectangular y el cuadrado, pero al ser el primero el de mayor uso, es el que vamos a explicar.
1.1 Formato horizontal
Es el mas usado. La vista se mueve de izquierda a derecha, las líneas y espacios que van en ese sentido ganan en fuerza, y provocan una sensación de estabilidad. Este formato se utiliza para paisajes o grupos.
1.2 Formato vertical
Las líneas que se desplazan en este sentido toman mas fuerza y la vista recorre la escena de arriba abajo. Es el mas usado para retratos y sujetos de gran tamaño, como edificios, árboles grandes, etc.
TIP: Para darle una posición dominante al sujeto, se debe colocar en la parte superior de la imagen en un formato vertical.
2 Divisiones de la imagen
2.1 El horizonte
El horizonte en una imagen no solo es la línea física que se forma en la unión del cielo con la tierra o el mar en el plano, sino también cualquier línea horizontal que divida la imagen en dos partes.
Horizonte centrado: Ambas partes quedan simétricas, esta situación imposibilita que una de las partes se destaque, por lo que ambas deben contener poca información. De todas maneras no es muy recomendable su utilización.
Horizonte bajo: La parte superior domina la imagen y la hace parecer mas abierta. Se utiliza cuando el motivo principal de la imagen esta en la parte superior. El tono de la parte baja debe tener suficiente peso para equilibrar el poco espacio que tiene.
Horizonte alto: Sucede lo opuesto a cuando el horizonte es bajo. El motivo esta en la parte inferior y es preciso eliminar las nubes que puedan distraer la atención.
2.2 Marcos
Es muy frecuente introducir marcos dentro de una imagen que pueden ser líneas, puertas, ventanas, círculos, o formas irregulares. Los marcos se usan básicamente para dirigir la mirada al motivo principal, eliminando otras posibles fuentes de distracción, aunque también pueden enriquecer un motivo de poco peso. Por lo general los marcos mas sencillos dan mejores resultados, porque no le quitan protagonismo al sujeto.
2.3 Compartimentos
Otra forma de dividir la imagen es mediante compartimentos. Estos sugieren una comparación entre los elementos que encierran. Por lo general dan un efecto de tensión e incomodidad.
3 Encuadre
El encuadre define la importancia del motivo y su relación con el fondo.
3.1 Punto de vista
El punto de vista desde el cual tomamos una fotografía es muy importante y es uno de los principales elementos que debemos tener en cuenta. Si nos acercamos o alejamos del sujeto su tamaño varía y podemos incluir o excluir de la imagen otros elementos, en dependencia de la información que aporten. También podemos darle perspectiva a una imagen con solo agacharnos, o movernos a un punto mas alto.
3.2 Fondo
El fondo en una escena resulta de extrema importancia a la hora de destacar el motivo. Nos indica como es el ambiente en el cual se encuentra ubicado el sujeto, por lo que nos brinda mucha información para poder entender la acción que se lleva a cabo. En una fotografía espontánea es muy difícil escoger el fondo, por lo que se deben probar varios puntos de vista, hasta lograr el indicado, y una vez ahí, esperar a que suceda la acción.
TIP: Los fondos con muchos elementos no son aconsejables, pues tienden a quitarle importancia al motivo. Para retratos no se deben usar fondos con líneas verticales.
3.3 Perspectiva
La perspectiva es una ilusion optica muy importante en la fotografía, ya que nos ayuda a dar la sensación de profundidad. Esta se produce por la union de las líneas (verticales, horizontales o de ambas) en un punto (punto de fuga), que no necesariamente tiene que estar dentro de la imagen.
Perspectiva lineal (1 punto de fuga)
Perspectiva angular (2 puntos de fuga)
Perspectiva isométrica (3 puntos de fuga)
4 Equilibrio
En composición el equilibrio es la distribución racional de los elementos de la imagen de manera que den una sensación de estabilidad y armonía.
4.1 Simetría
La forma mas elemental de lograr el equilibrio es mediante la simetría. Poniendo el motivo en el centro de la imagen y a ambos lados dos elementos de igual fuerza logramos una simetría perfecta, pero también hacemos la imagen muy monótona. Es mas recomendable que la simetría sea un poco mas sutil, no tan obvia, para que la foto no resulte aburrida.
4.2 Desequilibrio
Esta es una forma valiosa de componer, ya que juega con la psicología del espectador. Al representar las cosas de una forma a la que no estamos acostumbrados, se produce inestabilidad, incertidumbre y tensión.
5 Énfasis
Toda imagen fotográfica debe tener un centro de interés. Si colocamos al sujeto en el medio de la imagen, es demasiado obvio y no despierta interés o curiosidad. Esto se conoce en psicología como estado nivelado, es seguro y al alcance de cualquiera. Sin embargo los resultados no van a ser excepcionales.
Una forma de organizar el espacio consiste en dividir mentalmente la imagen en 3 partes horizontal y verticalmente. Esto se conoce como la “regla de los tercios” y establece que los puntos formados por las intersecciones de estas divisiones imaginarias marcan el lugar en que debe ir el motivo.
Al seguir esta regla se crea un desequilibrio, ya que el motivo colocado a un lado de la imagen le da mayor peso a uno de los lados.
TIP: Por lo general las personas atraen la vista hacia ellas como punto de interés.
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Por Sisco el 24 de Abril de 2007
Por VJdenix el 24 de Abril de 2007
Por glsmaster el 25 de Abril de 2007
Por AAR el 25 de Abril de 2007
Por Néstor_webmaster el 25 de Abril de 2007
Gracias por la información, muy interesante, Creo que ya seré un buen fotógrafo, jejeje
Por toni el 25 de Abril de 2007
Por XKlibur el 25 de Abril de 2007
Por oxigeno el 25 de Abril de 2007
Por sara el 25 de Abril de 2007
Por zombieek el 26 de Abril de 2007
Por irene el 28 de Abril de 2007
Por Adrian el 30 de Abril de 2007
muchas gracias,
Por nelson el 30 de Abril de 2007
Por Melissa Allier el 30 de Abril de 2007
Por Percy Rojas el 09 de Mayo de 2007
Por Maynor Lopez el 15 de Mayo de 2007
Por ktita el 16 de Mayo de 2007
Por samuel perez alias ( el 20 de Mayo de 2007
gracias...si pudieran ayudarme con mas tips de enfoque se los agradesere mucho mi correo es [email protected]
Por klop el 03 de Junio de 2007
e imagenes como ejemplos
Por Luis el 26 de Junio de 2007
http://www.flickr.com/photos/luixdesign/
Por ariel el 26 de Junio de 2007
Por karla el 02 de Julio de 2007
me gustaría uno sobre consejos de rollo , como el ISO 100-200 , 800 etc...
Por joanna el 02 de Julio de 2007
Por Alejandro el 06 de Septiembre de 2007
Por EDUARDO ESPINOZA el 07 de Septiembre de 2007
Por Anita el 27 de Septiembre de 2007
Por tonny el 08 de Octubre de 2007
Por XXX el 23 de Octubre de 2007
Por paula garzon el 14 de Noviembre de 2007
Por dury_batanera el 21 de Noviembre de 2007
Por Guerrero el 07 de Diciembre de 2007
Por Lui el 24 de Enero de 2008
Por malibù el 29 de Mayo de 2008
Por rec el 18 de Junio de 2008
Por James Zavala Castro el 06 de Agosto de 2008
Por ALEX CLAVO el 07 de Agosto de 2008
Por rosa ,maria , deicy el 20 de Septiembre de 2008
Por SANTIAGO FRETES el 24 de Septiembre de 2008
Por sergio rosales el 07 de Noviembre de 2008
Por Adrian el 14 de Diciembre de 2008
Por jonatan bermúdez el 05 de Febrero de 2009
Las imágenes de la segunda y tercera parte no se pueden ver.
Por andrea el 19 de Febrero de 2009
io tmbpoko veo las imagenes pero me doi a la idea
muy utiles
Por mayra el 03 de Mayo de 2009
Por Vero el 10 de Julio de 2009
Por nadie ke te importe el 10 de Noviembre de 2009
Por angel savador el 10 de Noviembre de 2009
Por cami el 14 de Diciembre de 2009
Por duv-blog el 03 de Febrero de 2010
Por Juana Adames el 24 de Febrero de 2010
Por OLSIGO75 el 26 de Febrero de 2010
Por leo-f-blog el 19 de Abril de 2010
Por judith el 05 de Mayo de 2010
Por Rosa el 06 de Mayo de 2010
Por jose luis el 14 de Septiembre de 2010
Por VeroMejia el 13 de Marzo de 2011
Por Juli el 22 de Marzo de 2011
Pero la informacion está genial.
Por Aldo el 18 de Abril de 2011
Por sirena luna el 19 de Mayo de 2011
Por patri el 23 de Mayo de 2011
Por evelyn de leon el 03 de Junio de 2011
Por Carolina el 13 de Junio de 2011
Por mery el 01 de Octubre de 2011
Por lotolavoz el 04 de Octubre de 2011
Por Felix el 25 de Febrero de 2012
Por Felix el 25 de Febrero de 2012
Por gloria amparo el 15 de Agosto de 2013
Por José el 31 de Enero de 2018
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