Cuando un programador web comienza con PHP, una de las tareas más habituales es la de realizar conexiones y querys a la base de datos. Normalmente, muchísima gente utiliza funciones php para conectarse a una base de datos directamente en el código como puede ser mysql_connect (para conectarse a una base de datos MySQL) o pg_connect (para conectarse a una base de datos Postgress).
Esta forma de trabajar implica un problema muy serio si nuestro proyecto va orientado a una intranet, en la cual, de la noche a la mañana pueden tener la necesidad de cambiar la base de datos por otra diferente (por ejemplo, que una intranet crezca mucho y necesiten cambiar a una base de datos Oracle por funcionalidades específicas).
Si se da este caso podríamos tener un problema muy grave; deberíamos revisar todo el código que hemos escrito en busca de esas funciones específicas y adaptarlas a la nueva base de datos.
Para solventar este problema (crear una capa que nos abstraiga de que base de datos estemos utilizando) y además crear posibles funcionalidades nuevas, vamos a crear una clase muy sencilla la cual nos permita conectarnos a la base de datos. Esta clase la vamos a crear siguiendo el patrón de diseño Singleton. Los patrones de diseño son soluciones a problemas típicos de programación que se repiten contínuamente. El patrón Singleton nos ayuda a crear una clase la cual, si intentamos llamarla dos veces, realmente sólo es una instancia. En vez intentar crear el objeto, lo que haremos es instanciarlo. Esto nos permite conectarnos a la base de datos en cualquier punto del código (dentro de funciones, dentro de objectos,…) sin necesidad de crear más conexiones o tener que pasarla por parámetro (en el caso de querer que una función determinada que tengamos creada utilice una conexión existente y no cree otra nueva).
La estructura de la clase sería la siguiente:
Código :
<?php /* Clase encargada de gestionar las conexiones a la base de datos */ Class Db{ private $servidor='localhost'; private $usuario='user'; private $password='test'; private $base_datos='testDB'; private $link; private $stmt; private $array; static $_instance; /*La función construct es privada para evitar que el objeto pueda ser creado mediante new*/ private function __construct(){ $this->conectar(); } /*Evitamos el clonaje del objeto. Patrón Singleton*/ private function __clone(){ } /*Función encargada de crear, si es necesario, el objeto. Esta es la función que debemos llamar desde fuera de la clase para instanciar el objeto, y así, poder utilizar sus métodos*/ public static function getInstance(){ if (!(self::$_instance instanceof self)){ self::$_instance=new self(); } return self::$_instance; } /*Realiza la conexión a la base de datos.*/ private function conectar(){ $this->link=mysql_connect($this->servidor, $this->usuario, $this->password); mysql_select_db($this->base_datos,$this->link); @mysql_query("SET NAMES 'utf8'"); } /*Método para ejecutar una sentencia sql*/ public function ejecutar($sql){ $this->stmt=mysql_query($sql,$this->link); return $this->stmt; } /*Método para obtener una fila de resultados de la sentencia sql*/ public function obtener_fila($stmt,$fila){ if ($fila==0){ $this->array=mysql_fetch_array($stmt); }else{ mysql_data_seek($stmt,$fila); $this->array=mysql_fetch_array($stmt); } return $this->array; } //Devuelve el último id del insert introducido public function lastID(){ return mysql_insert_id($this->link); } } ?>
En esta clase, cómo podemos observar, existen varios métodos para conectar, obtener resultados de una query así como el último id que se ha creado mediante un Insert en un campo clave autoincremental.
Ahora veamos como utilizar esta clase:
Código :
<?php /*Incluimos el fichero de la clase*/ require 'Db.class.php'; /*Creamos la instancia del objeto. Ya estamos conectados*/ $bd=Db::getInstance(); /*Creamos una query sencilla*/ $sql='SELECT NOMBRE FROM CLIENTES'; /*Ejecutamos la query*/ $stmt=$bd->ejecutar($sql); /*Realizamos un bucle para ir obteniendo los resultados*/ while ($x=$bd->obtener_fila($stmt,0)){ echo $x['NOMBRE'].'<br />'; } ?>
Muy sencillo y práctico.
Esta clase es muy (MUY) mejorable. Por ejemplo, en el siguiente tip veremos como utilizar un fichero de configuración que será utilizado por una clase llamada Conf, la cual será utilizada a su vez por esta clase que acabamos de crear. Además, introducir control de errores de conexión, niveles de seguridad para utilizar diferentes perfiles según el ámbito de la conexión,…
Esta clase va dirigida a aquellas personas que todavía no utilizan un Framework y siguen trabajando directamente sobre PHP.
¿Sabes SQL? ¿No-SQL? Aprende MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis y más con el Curso Profesional de Bases de Datos que empieza el martes, en vivo.
Por Zah el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por Otaku RzO el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por Aoyama el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por torrealbaruben el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por ozofeliz el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Saludos.
Por marcosdev el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por The Fricky! el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por alfathenus el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Por un lado te ahorras en reinventar la rueda je.
Por Tata el 29 de Octubre de 2008
http://propel.phpdb.org/trac/
Saludos!!!
Por Dano el 29 de Octubre de 2008
Mi concepto que manejo es un poco mas abstracto, tengo una clase DAL(Data Access Layer), que es la que invoco en mis PHP. En DAL mediante el archivo de configuración defino el DBMS, aunque por ahora mi FW solo trabaja MySQL.
Dal es a la que le aplico el singletón. Dal crea una instancia de MySQL por cada conexión activa(generalmente es una, pero algunos proyectos requieren mas de una).
Pero sabes, para los recordset(queries, select * FROM), tengo otra clase DataSet.
DataSet es una clase que utilizo en los controles de usuario, un control de usuario, acepta un DataSet nada mas. La ventaja es que los DataSet los puedo formar con un recurso de DB o un simple array, dandole mayor versatilidad a los controles.
Pero bueno, me da gusto ver a gente que trabaja bien el php y esta construyendo alternativas, haber si en estos dias me doy tiempo a publicar algunas clases de mi FW.
Por marcosdev el 30 de Octubre de 2008
@alfathenus: no estoy intentando reinventar la rueda creando funciones que php ya tiene creada, sino creando una capa de abstracción entre tu proyecto y la base de datos que utilices. Cómo explico al comienzo del tip, se puede mejorar la clase para que en función de un atributo privado de la clase utilice unas funciones u otras dentro de los métodos en función de la base de datos a utilizar.
@Tata: tienes toda la razón, así como las clases que utiliza el Zend Framework. Esto es para proyectos pequeños / medianos, o aquellos proyectos que por X razones no quieran utilizar Clases ORM ya extendas o un Framework con sus propias clases.
@Dano: mi intención es en próximos tips es ir mostrando como esta clase se puede mejorar con un fichero de configuración externo, con variables para diferencia el SGBD, etc... De hecho las clases que utilizo en proyectos reales, son bastante más complejas, pero creo que no sería didáctico para algunos de los visitantes del foro.
Y por cierto, gracias a todos por vuestros comentarios.
Por Oz Nuñez el 30 de Octubre de 2008
Por jpcw el 30 de Octubre de 2008
Por picasoft el 30 de Octubre de 2008
Por Maikel el 30 de Octubre de 2008
Ya estoy haciendo un artículo sobre singleton en php que será publicado pronto, falta hacer algunos retoques.
saludos
Por Maikel el 30 de Octubre de 2008
Por vanvanero el 30 de Octubre de 2008
marcosdev, hubiese sido mas interesante si utilizas el PDO como manejador de acceso a BD para que sirve para varios drivers y no solo para MySql.
Y para los que esten interesados en productos ya terminados, en cuanto a estas soluciones como lo manifiesta Tata existen librerias ya dedicadas al [url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_access_layer"]DAL[/url] y a los [url="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORM"]ORM[/url] como [url="http://propel.phpdb.org/trac/"]Propel[/url] que lo utiliza framworks como symphony, yo en particular estoy mas casado con Zend, aunque no utilizo su capa de modelo, la reemplazo con [url="http://www.doctrine-project.org/"]doctrine[/url] que me parece muy potente y ya con una versión liberada.
Y con respecto a solución entre Flex y PHP trabajo con Flex aplicando MVC, AMFPHP como la capa de comunicación entre el front-end y el back-end y el Core de Zend en conjunto con Doctrine, esto me a ahorrado trabajo y me a resultado mucho ma compacto realizar aplicaciones con estas herramientas!
Por vanvanero el 30 de Octubre de 2008
Por vanvanero el 30 de Octubre de 2008
http://www.gotoandlearn.com/play?id=90
Por Ikkaro el 31 de Octubre de 2008
Por Joe el 01 de Noviembre de 2008
Por marcosdev el 01 de Noviembre de 2008
/*Incluimos el fichero de la clase*/
require 'Db.class.php';
Esto es para que el sistema pueda utilizar la clase que hemos creado y guardado en dicho fichero.
Por Joe el 01 de Noviembre de 2008
me aparece este error tambien:
Fatal error: Call to a member function ejecutar() on a non-object in C:\xampp\htdocs\prueba.php on line 13
linea 13: $stmt=$bd->ejecutar($sql);
Por marcosdev el 02 de Noviembre de 2008
Normalmente ese error aparece cuando no se ha instanciado el objeto.
Por Joe el 03 de Noviembre de 2008
Por marcosdev el 03 de Noviembre de 2008
Un saludo
Por Joe el 04 de Noviembre de 2008
/* Clase encargada de gestionar las conexiones a la base de datos */
Class Db{
private $servidor='localhost';
private $usuario='';
private $password='';
private $base_datos='inventario';
private $link;
private $stmt;
private $array;
static $_instance;
/*La función construct es privada para evitar que el objeto pueda ser creado mediante new*/
private function __construct(){
$this->conectar();
}
/*Evitamos el clonaje del objeto. Patrón Singleton*/
private function __clone(){ }
/*Función encargada de crear, si es necesario, el objeto. Esta es la función que debemos llamar desde fuera de la clase para instanciar el objeto, y así, poder utilizar sus métodos*/
public static function getInstance(){
if (!(self::$_instance instanceof self)){
self::$_instance=new self();
}
return self::$_instance;
}
/*Realiza la conexión a la base de datos.*/
private function conectar(){
$this->link=mysql_connect($this->servidor, $this->usuario, $this->password);
mysql_select_db($this->base_datos,$this->link);
@mysql_query("SET NAMES 'utf8'");
}
/*Método para ejecutar una sentencia sql*/
public function ejecutar($sql){
$this->stmt = mysql_query($sql,$this->link);
return $this->stmt;
}
/*Método para obtener una fila de resultados de la sentencia sql*/
public function obtener_fila($stmt,$fila){
if ($fila==0){
$this->array=mysql_fetch_array($stmt);
}else{
mysql_data_seek($stmt,$fila);
$this->array=mysql_fetch_array($stmt);
}
return $this->array;
}
//Devuelve el último id del insert introducido
public function lastID(){
return mysql_insert_id($this->link);
}
}
?>
Por Joe el 04 de Noviembre de 2008
/*Incluimos el fichero de la clase*/
require 'Db.php';
/*Creamos la instancia del objeto. Ya estamos conectados*/
$bd=DB::getInstance();
/*Creamos una query sencilla*/
$sql='SELECT Nombre FROM contacto';
/*Ejecutamos la query*/
$stmt=$bd->ejecutar($sql);
/*Realizamos un bucle para ir obteniendo los resultados*/
while ($x=$bd->obtener_fila($stmt,0)){
echo $x['Nonmbre'].'<br />';
}
?>
Por marcosdev el 04 de Noviembre de 2008
Por Fabian Ramirez el 04 de Noviembre de 2008
El ORM?
La depuracion de los errores?
Falta un poco pero para novatos esta super bien.
Recomiendo CakePHP
Saludos.
Por marcosdev el 04 de Noviembre de 2008
Por edwub el 07 de Noviembre de 2008
Por marcosdev el 10 de Noviembre de 2008
Un saludo
Por marcosdev el 10 de Noviembre de 2008
Por afpera el 12 de Noviembre de 2008
Por Jesualdo el 13 de Noviembre de 2008
Gracias.
Por dinamik el 21 de Enero de 2009
No veo que se cierre la conexión en ningún momento. mysql.close();
¿A qué se debe? ¿Acaso no es necesario?
Gracias.
Por dinamik el 28 de Enero de 2009
Por Nico el 11 de Marzo de 2009
Eso lo hace PEAR DB
Por azul el 24 de Agosto de 2009
Por azul el 24 de Agosto de 2009
Por Teodoro el 09 de Septiembre de 2009
Saludos a todos
Por antoniomtz el 26 de Marzo de 2010
Por Omar el 19 de Abril de 2010
Muchas Gracias.
Por Jota-F el 07 de Julio de 2010
Se nota que miran, leen pero no comprenden.
Lo publicado aqui es nada mas que una introducción para novatos, para que podamos aprfender poco a poco y como bien dice el autor de este articulo, en los siguientes capitulos se agregan cosas.
No me gustan los comentarios con tanta parafernalia como por ejemplo que falta esto y aquello, que el sistema GHJTYR y FMHSHSHJ y bla bla bla....
Esto es codigo de aprendizaje, no es una clase para utilizar en proyectos terminados.
Para los que comentan en forma presumida sobre sus conocimientos, primero lean y entiendan que esto es para APRENDER, para los novatos.
Y para los que piden el codigo listo para descargar... tomense el tiempo de escribir linea por linea lo que está publicado, es la unica manera de aprender y saber que hace cada cosa.
Espero que nadie se ofenda con mi comentario.
Un abrazo a todos.
Por andres el 14 de Noviembre de 2010
de antemano gracias por la respuesta
Por beto el 25 de Mayo de 2011
Por cazadorxD el 07 de Diciembre de 2011
Por Anibal el 21 de Enero de 2012
Por el 23 de Marzo de 2012
class Ctr{
public function conexion()
{
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","root","");
mysql_select_db(" Nuestra_base");
return $con;
}
}
Ejemplo de como usarla:
class listar
{
private $vistas;
public function __construct()
{
$this->vistas=array();
}
public function get_vistas()
{
$sql="SELECT * FROM grupos ORDER BY id DESC";
$res=mysql_query($sql, Ctr::conexion());
while($datos=mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
{
$this->vistas[]=$datos;
}
return $this->vistas;
}
¿y después?
Cuando creemos la lista...
<?php
$tra=new trabajo();//incializamos la clase
$reg=$tra->get_vistas();//llamamos al metodo
//Creamos un for para leer todos los registrso de mysql
for($i=0;$i<count($reg);$i++)
{
}
Por Romy Bompart el 12 de Abril de 2012
public static function getInstance(){
if (!(self::$_instance instanceof self)){
self::$_instance=new self();
}
return self::$_instance;
}
Por jaime el 11 de Mayo de 2012
/*Función encargada de crear, si es necesario, el objeto... */
llamase OBJETO a la clase en si con todos sus metodos ? es eso ?
----------------------------------------------------
con respecto a este otro codigo
while ($x=$bd->obtener_fila($stmt,0)){
echo $x['NOMBRE'].'<br />';
}
la linea del while significa mientras esto sea verdadero o allan datos hágalo. ?
muchas gracias desde ya.
Por cruz secundino el 16 de Mayo de 2012
Por Soy Mary el 01 de Junio de 2012
Por Dano el 01 de Junio de 2012
Por Edward el 01 de Julio de 2012
Por kaseOga el 16 de Julio de 2012
Por Dan el 09 de Octubre de 2012
http://www.ecualug.org/2012/08/27/forums/clase_php_conexion_postgres
Por Tut1to el 13 de Diciembre de 2012
Warning: mysql_fetch_array() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/.../.../.../.../DB.class.php on line 48
Será problema de versiones de PHP o MySQL???
Por pachus el 29 de Marzo de 2013
gracias
pachus
Por darkus el 13 de Agosto de 2013
Por gris el 10 de Octubre de 2013
Por gris el 05 de Noviembre de 2013
Por mery el 19 de Diciembre de 2013
Por mery el 19 de Diciembre de 2013
Por joel el 24 de Julio de 2014
Por joshua el 25 de Julio de 2014
Por Roi el 19 de Agosto de 2015
Por freddy lalangui el 08 de Julio de 2016
Por José el 31 de Enero de 2018
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