Esta es la segunda parte de la Guía para tomar buenas fotografías.
Formas
1. Líneas
Son muchos los motivos de estructura lineal: Las carreteras, contornos de edificios, el movimiento de los objetos, etc...
1.1 Líneas rectas
Horizontales o verticales, sugieren estabilidad, calma, tranquilidad. Estas líneas sirven para crear compartimentos, que podemos usar para darle sentido a la composición.
Cuando son oblicuas se asocian con el dinamismo y sugieren avance o caída. Por medio de la perspectiva, dan sentido de profundidad.
1.2 Líneas curvas
Tienen una gracia y fluidez especial para el ojo. Son más dinámicas que las líneas rectas. Son frecuentes, tanto en la naturaleza, como en objetos creados por el hombre.
Tip: Por lo general una luz suave, con sombras graduales, armoniza con este tipo de líneas. La luz lateral destaca las formas salientes de las curvas y asigna efectos vigorosos.
1.3 Combinación de líneas
Casi todas las escenas están formadas por la combinación de líneas, y a veces resulta difícil saber cuales predominan.
Tip: La combinación de líneas curvas y rectas puede servir para guiar la vista hacia el motivo.
2 Contorno
Casi siempre el contorno de un objeto nos permite identificarlo, incluso cuando la iluminación sea débil. El punto de vista es decisivo para que se produzcan grandes cambios en la información de un contorno, axial como en su relación con otras formas.
La combinación de contornos puede hacerse siempre y cuando tengan relación entre si. Esta relación puede ser por semejanza o por oposición. Por ejemplo, 2 personas que van de la mano, sus contornos tienen una relación de semejanza; un charco irregular que refleja el contorno recto de un edificio moderno, sus contornos tienen relación por oposición.
Tip: Si se quiere tomar una foto del contorno de un objeto, lo ideal es ponerle de fondo un cielo despejado, así se vera mas nítido.
3 Volumen
Es la limitante de la fotografía, ya que la imagen solo tiene 2 dimensiones y 4 lados. Esto nos obliga a considerar la luz como la principal herramienta para destacar esta propiedad. La luz frontal aplana la escena, dado que las sombras no se observan y el contraluz elimina el color y el detalle. Para que se aprecie el volumen de un objeto es preciso que las sombras estén contenidas en él.
El volumen no solo esta presente en objetos tridimensionales, también lo podemos apreciar en objetos planos como una bandera que ondea por el viento, etc...
3.1 Supresión del volumen
En ocasiones el fotógrafo desea suprimir el volumen para resaltar determinados aspectos del motivo. Por ejemplo, para resaltar lo siniestro de un árbol sin hojas, lo mejor es tomarlo a contraluz.
4 Textura
La textura marca las cualidades táctiles de los objetos y para destacarla la luz juega un papel predominante. La memoria visual tiende a asociar los objetos por su textura sin necesidad de tocarlos. Nos sugiere mas que características sobre la apariencia del objeto, por ejemplo, podemos saber si una persona es anciana por su piel arrugada. La textura añade información a la escena y contribuye a su realismo.
La luz frontal, como la que provoca el flash, minimiza la textura. Una luz dura y que incida oblicuamente es la mas recomendada para resaltarla.
Tip: Para acentuar una textura, podemos ponerla en contraposición a otra. Por ejemplo, un huevo sobre una superficie rugosa se ve aun mas liso.
5 Color
La importancia del color en una escena es obvia. El color de un motivo depende de la dirección de la luz, el material que lo constituye y su textura. No siempre es necesario que se reproduzcan los colores exactamente, aunque la objetividad del color dada en su reproducción exacta brinda seguridad y confianza, sobre todo en el caso que fotografiemos alimentos.
Es aconsejable elegir paletas de color que estén acordes con el motivo y que ayuden a destacarlo. Los ambientes tranquilos, como una sala de espera, se muestran con colores insaturados, o tonos pasteles. Por el contrario, la vitrina de un comercio, esta llena de colores vivos que llaman la atención del espectador.
[siguiente tema: Composición]
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